{"id":65989,"date":"2023-03-15T17:23:02","date_gmt":"2023-03-15T14:23:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.remgo.com\/11\/?p=65989"},"modified":"2025-09-29T16:27:22","modified_gmt":"2025-09-29T13:27:22","slug":"istanbul-entrikalari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.remgo.com\/11\/istanbul-entrikalari\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130stanbul Entrikalar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Barry Rubin’in\u00a0\u0130stanbul Entrikalar\u0131<\/a><\/strong><\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda so\u011fuk sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130stanbul’da ya\u015fanan enteresan olaylar anlat\u0131l\u0131yor. Kitapta, casus maceralar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda ilgin\u00e7 \u0130stanbul izlenimleri de var. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitab\u0131n ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131 \u0130stanbul’a yolculuk. Bu sayfalardan baz\u0131 notlar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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“K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, pis ve eski Rumen gemisi, Karadeniz’ den g\u00fcneye istim ald\u0131. Mavi Bo\u011faz’\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dalgalar\u0131ndan parlak \u0131\u015f\u0131klarla yans\u0131yan g\u00fcne\u015f, \u0130stanbul’un minarelerini ve cami kubbelerini \u0131\u015f\u0131ldat\u0131yordu. Sol yandaki Asya tepeleri ve sa\u011f yandaki Avrupa y\u00fckseltileri \u00fczerindeki eski ta\u015f yap\u0131lar, s\u00fcreklili\u011fin s\u0131cak ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131\u00adt\u0131yordu. Bu bar\u0131\u015ft\u0131, parlak ve sessiz bar\u0131\u015f. Garip, rahats\u0131z edici ve utan\u00e7 vericiydi … Beni huzursuz etti. O k\u0131y\u0131lardan korku ve zulm\u00fcn sars\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn kokusunun gelmemesi, do\u011fal de\u011fildi.” <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

CBS radyosu muhabiri Cecil Brown<\/strong>, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130stanbul’a geli\u015fini g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde b\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kuzeye do\u011fru, Bo\u011faz’ dan gemiyle bir saatlik uzakl\u0131kta Rusya vard\u0131. Bat\u0131da yaln\u0131zca iki saatlik otomobil yolculu\u011fuyla Bulgar s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131yordu. \u0130stanbul hala bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde bir kent olarak kalm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131. Ama cehennemin k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndayd\u0131. Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130stanbul’un en iyi oteli olan Park Otel’in ardeko stilindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck yemek salonu, \u0130ngilizlerle Almanlar\u0131n, Amerikal\u0131larla Japonlar\u0131n, Macarlar ve Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n, i\u015f adamlar\u0131n\u0131n, askerlerin, gazetecilerin, diplomatlar\u0131n ve her \u00fclkeden, her bi\u00e7imde casusun birbirini masadan masaya izledi\u011fi bir ate\u015fkes b\u00f6lgesiydi. Yemekler g\u00fczeldi, sava\u015f d\u00f6ne\u00adminin k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 yoktu ve yandaki ah\u015fap lambrili barda i\u00e7ki su gibi ak\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Badana s\u0131val\u0131 Park Otel’in \u00f6n\u00fcndeki geni\u015f Ayaz Pa\u015fa Bulva\u00adr\u0131’n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Alman Konsoloslu\u011fu vard\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Franz von Papen, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma odas\u0131ndan hem otelin hem de gerisindeki Bo\u011faz’\u0131n g\u00fczel manzaras\u0131n\u0131 seyredebiliyordu. Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 tekneleri, kaba y\u00fck gemileri ve yolcu gemileri kuzeye, g\u00fcneye ve Asya ile Av\u00adrupa k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na gidip geliyordu. Gemiler hi\u00e7 bitmeyen bir vals s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Uzakta, \u015eemsi Pa\u015fa ve Mehmet Pa\u015fa camilerinin arkas\u0131ndan, Anadolu’nun ye\u015fil tepeleri y\u00fckseliyordu. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde kentte ve \u00e7evresindeki k\u00f6ylerde yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 40 bin ki\u015fi ya\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul, eski imparatorluk ba\u015fkenti Konstantinopolis ve Bi\u00adzans olarak do\u011fan eski y\u00fckseli\u015flerin de\u011ferli bir veliahd\u0131yd\u0131. D\u00fcn\u00adyada ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir kent, Bo\u011faz boyunca uzanan tepelerden daha g\u00fczel ya da stratejik olarak daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir konumda de\u011fildi. Su yolu, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve geni\u015f bir nehir gibi, \u015farap koyulu\u011fundaki Karade\u00adniz’ den, g\u00fcneye Marmara Denizi’ne ve oradan da Akdeniz’ e uza\u00adn\u0131yordu. G\u0131rtla\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran ve hi\u00e7 de \u015fiirsel olmayan “Bo\u011faz” s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, su yolunun de\u011ferini tam olarak anlatan bir s\u00f6zc\u00fckt\u00fc. Hem Asya, Avrupa ve Ortado\u011fu aras\u0131ndaki anakara yo\u00adlunu, hem de G\u00fcney Rusya’n\u0131n giri\u015f\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 denetledi\u011fin\u00adden, bu kent u\u011fruna \u00e7ok sava\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir zamanlar Eski Yunan’\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerinin ve say\u0131s\u0131z bur\u00e7\u00adlar\u0131yla Truva’n\u0131n boy att\u0131\u011f\u0131 Asya yakas\u0131n\u0131, her plajda g\u00fczel bal\u0131klar\u0131 ve midyeleriyle \u00fcnl\u00fc k\u00f6yler bezemi\u015fti. Argonotlar, Alt\u0131n Post’u aramak i\u00e7in Bo\u011faz’\u0131n yukar\u0131lar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ak\u0131nt\u0131\u00adlar, Asya tatl\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n saf p\u0131narlar\u0131n\u0131n, terk edilmi\u015f saray ve ka\u00adle y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, Bebek k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fcn, l\u00fcks yat kul\u00fcb\u00fcn\u00fcn ve yabanc\u0131 el\u00e7ilik yazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, dar yollar\u0131n, gen\u00e7 prensler ve t\u00fcccara ait tah\u00adta antik konaklar\u0131n, eski sultan saraylar\u0131n\u0131n ve kudretli b\u00fcy\u00fck ca\u00admilerin yan\u0131ndan ge\u00e7iyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kentin su yollar\u0131 “Y”<\/em> harfini and\u0131r\u0131yordu. Harfin kuzeydo\u011fudaki uzun kolunu olu\u015fturan Bo\u011faz, \u00e7o\u011fu yabanc\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 modern Beyo\u011flu semtinden, dik sokaklar\u0131 ve birbirine kenetlenmi\u015f evle\u00adriyle eski Galata’ dan ak\u0131yordu. Orada, daha k\u0131sa olan sol kolla; kuzeybat\u0131ya 7 km uzanan dar ve do\u011fal bir kanal olan Alt\u0131n Boynuz’la birle\u015fiyordu. 1635’te Frans\u0131z bir gezgin, buran\u0131n “Avrupa’n\u0131n [li\u00admanlar\u0131n\u0131n] en iyisi, en derini ve en kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131s\u0131”<\/em> oldu\u011funu yazm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131. “Y”<\/strong> harfinin aya\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcneyde, Akdeniz’ e ge\u00e7i\u015fin s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Marma\u00adra Denizi’ydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul, akl\u0131n alabilece\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn do\u011fal \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklere sahipti. Karadeniz’i Akdeniz’ e birle\u015ftirirken Avrupa, Asya ve Ortado\u011fu’nun strateji ve ticaret kav\u015fa\u011f\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Taze p\u0131narlar\u0131, bol bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve genelde \u0131l\u0131man iklimi vard\u0131. Kar ender olarak ya\u011far\u00add\u0131 ve yaz s\u0131ca\u011f\u0131, serin esintilerle kesilirdi: Ne bir kent ne de bir imparator, bundan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 isteyebilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roma \u0130mparatoru Konstantin kenti, MS 413’te, \u00fclkesinin Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatoru Konstantin kenti, MS 413’te, \u00fclkesinin Do\u011fu eyaletlerinin ba\u015fkenti olarak kurmu\u015ftu. \u0130mparatorluk b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fckten sonra \u0130mparator III.  Theodosios, Konstantinopolis\u2019i ayakta durmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren ve Yunanca konu\u015fan Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u00ad\u011fu’nun ba\u015fkenti Bizantium olarak b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcp, yeniden in\u015fa etti. Bundan sonra, bin y\u0131l boyunca berkitilmi\u015f surlar, say\u0131s\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131\u00adya direndi: 478’de Gotlar, 616 ve 626’da Persler, 668’de ve 716’dan 718’e dek Araplar, dokuz ve on birinci y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda d\u00f6rt kez Ruslar ve 1422′ de T\u00fcrkler. Kent yaln\u0131zca 1402′ de o da s\u00f6zde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman i\u015fgaline kar\u015f\u0131 kendisini savunmaya gelen a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fc H\u0131ristiyan Ha\u00e7l\u0131larca ele ge\u00e7irilip ya\u011fmaland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans’\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc, i\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeler ve Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrklerinin Bat\u0131’ya ilerlemesi sonucu azald\u0131. \u00dclkenin karma\u015f\u0131k, komplolarla dolu siya\u00adseti “Bizans oyunu”<\/em> terimini d\u00fcnyaya arma\u011fan etti. Kent 1453’te, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Sultan il Mehmed \u00f6nderli\u011findeki T\u00fcrklerce yeniden ku\u015fat\u0131l\u00add\u0131. Kentin yiyece\u011finin sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekili alanlar ele ge\u00e7irildi ya da ate\u00ad\u015fe verildi. Bizansl\u0131lar, Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131n\u0131 sokmamak i\u00e7in Alt\u0131n Boynuz’u zincirle kapat\u0131nca, Sultan yetmi\u015f gemi yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 em\u00adretti ve bir may\u0131s gecesi bunlar\u0131 tepelerden a\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Sanki b\u00fcy\u00fc ol\u00admu\u015f gibi, T\u00fcrk donanmas\u0131 \u015fafakta Alt\u0131n Boynuz’da g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc. Ba\u011f\u00adlant\u0131lar\u0131 kesilen ve d\u00f6rt bir yandan sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan Bizans, \u00f6l\u00fc\u00adm\u00fcn\u00fc bildiren \u00e7an sesleri aras\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Mehmed kente gururla girdi ve bundan sonra Bat\u0131’ da “Fatih” olarak bilindi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak kent, bu yenilgiden zarar g\u00f6rmedi. \u0130stanbul ad\u0131yla, Os\u00admanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun ba\u015fkenti oldu. Mehmed ve halefleri, ko\u00admutanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, iyi birer \u015fehirci olduklar\u0131m da kan\u0131tlad\u0131lar. 538′ de yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Ayasofya katedrali, camiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Dev yeni camiler \u00fcnl\u00fc Mavi Cami, Fatih, S\u00fcleymaniye, Kariye ve Kocamustafapa\u015fa yan yana uzanan tepeler \u00fczerine yap\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizans imparatorunca on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131lda Cenevizli t\u00fcccara verilen Galata semti, ticari merkez olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. 1492’de H\u0131\u00adristiyan engizisyon unca \u0130spanya’ dan kovulan Yahudiler ho\u015f kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131land\u0131 ve kendilerine iyi davran\u0131ld\u0131. Kapal\u0131\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131 kalk\u0131nd\u0131; harem\u00adli ve hazine daireli saraylar yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun zenginli\u011fi \u0130s\u00adtanbul’ a akt\u0131; sanat\u00e7\u0131lar, zanaatkarlar kenti bezediler. \u0130stanbul ka\u00adp\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan ordular, g\u00fcneyde M\u0131s\u0131r’ dan do\u011fuda Pers \u0130mpara\u00adtorlu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na, bat\u0131da Viyana kap\u0131lar\u0131na kadar uzanan b\u00fct\u00fcn topraklar\u0131 fetih i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kent, imparatorlu\u011fun Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne dek ge\u00e7en 450 y\u0131l boyunca geli\u015fti. Almanya’yla m\u00fcttefik olan Osmanl\u0131lar, korkun\u00e7 bir yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131lar. Milyonarca T\u00fcrk sava\u015f, hastal\u0131k ve a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc. Geni\u015f H\u0131ristiyan Ermeni az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarca katledildi ya da ka\u00e7t\u0131. \u0130ngilizler ve Frans\u0131zlar Arabistan’daki topraklar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip, \u0130stanbul’u 1919′ da i\u015fgal ettiler ve kendilerine kukla bir sultan buldular. T\u00fcrkler, kendilerine kimlik ve kurumlar veren neredeyse bin y\u0131ll\u0131k imparatorlu\u011fu yitirmi\u015flerdi. Geride kalan topraklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu da Yunan ordusu i\u015fgal etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ulusal felaket an\u0131nda Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, \u00fclke i\u00e7lerinden direni\u015f ba\u015flat\u0131p, Yunan ordusunu d\u0131\u015far\u0131 att\u0131 ve 1920’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda bir cumhuriyet olarak T\u00fcrkiye’yi kurdu. T\u00fcm\u00fcyle yere serilmi\u015f \u00fclke i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca bir kurtar\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil, onu modern bir ulus yapma\u00adya kararl\u0131 bir reformcuydu. Yeniliklerinden biri, o zamana dek ih\u00admal edilmi\u015f Anadolu’yu kalk\u0131nd\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Ankara’y\u0131 ba\u015fkent ola\u00adrak \u0130stanbul’a ye\u011flemekti. 1919’da “Bundan sonra” <\/em>dedi, “\u0130stan\u00adbul Anadolu’yu de\u011fil, Anadolu \u0130stanbul’u denetleyecektir.”<\/em> B\u00f6yle\u00adce \u0130stanbul’un ba\u015fkent olarak 1 500 y\u0131l s\u00fcren saltanat\u0131 sona erdi, ancak ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel g\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yak\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 \u00f6nder, iktidar ve otorite \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 \u00b7 sa\u00e7\u0131yordu. S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z enerjisiyle b\u00fct\u00fcn gece i\u00e7ki i\u00e7ip ka\u011f\u0131t oynar, k\u0131sa bir uykudan son\u00adra ulusun i\u015flerini yapmaya kalkard\u0131. 1921 ‘de bir ABD deniz suba\u00ady\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, “\u00c7\u0131k\u0131k elmac\u0131kkemikleri, biraz \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fck yanak\u00adlar, \u00e7ok k\u0131sa kesilmi\u015f k\u0131z\u0131l kahve b\u0131y\u0131k, \u00e7elikten mavi g\u00f6zleriyle \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir gen\u00e7li\u011fi vard\u0131. Y\u00fcz\u00fc entelekt\u00fcel de\u011fil, ancak ince ve c\u0131\u00adva gibi. Aman vermezli\u011fin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131, hatta insafs\u0131zl\u0131kla (kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndakinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini okuma yetene\u011fiyle) ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir geni\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fckle yo\u011funla\u015fma duygusuna kap\u0131labiliriz.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcstlendi\u011fi g\u00f6reve g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi mutlak inan\u00e7, bezgin ve \u015fa\u015fk\u0131n halk\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irdi. Arkada\u015f\u0131 \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc’n\u00fcn de yard\u0131m\u0131yla, \u00fclkeyi yeniden imara ve yeni g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc peki\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00d6nceleri “T\u00fcrk” \u0131 geri ta\u015fral\u0131lar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir hakaret s\u00f6z\u00fcy\u00add\u00fc. \u00dcst d\u00fczeydekiler kendilerini Osmanl\u0131 say\u0131yor; \u00e7o\u011funluk, ken\u00addini M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak niteliyordu. Art\u0131k yeni bir slogan vard\u0131: “Ne mutlu T\u00fcrk’\u00fcm diyene!”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Art\u0131k Bat\u0131’ya ba\u011fl\u0131y\u0131z ve yeni al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar kazanmal\u0131y\u0131z”<\/strong> dedi \u00f6nder. T\u00fcrk dili yal\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve Arap harfleri yerine Latin harf\u00adleriyle yaz\u0131ld\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131, yasalar ye\u00adniden yaz\u0131ld\u0131 ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n pe\u00e7e takmas\u0131 yasakland\u0131. Yeni \u00f6nde\u00adrin, “bilgisizli\u011fin, ba\u011fnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, ilerlemeye ve uygarl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n simgesi”<\/strong> olarak niteledi\u011fi sipersiz \u015fapka, fes, Avrupa stili \u015fap\u00adkalarla de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. \u0130lk kez, herkesin bir soyad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. \u00d6nerilen soyadlar\u0131n\u0131n listesi her yere as\u0131ld\u0131. Meclis, \u00f6nder i\u00e7in “T\u00fcrklerin babas\u0131”<\/em> anlam\u0131ndaki “Atat\u00fcrk”<\/strong> soyad\u0131n\u0131 kabul et\u00adti. Parlamenter bir y\u00f6netim kuruldu, ancak tek parti vard\u0131 ve Ata\u00adt\u00fcrk devletin sorgulanmaz sahibiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu de\u011fi\u015fimle bile \u0130stanbul, Bat\u0131l\u0131lar i\u00e7in egzotizm ve romantizmin sembol\u00fc olarak kald\u0131. \u0130stanbul’u ziyaret etmek iste\u00adyenler i\u00e7in romantik yol, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc treni “Orient Exp\u00adress”ti. Paris’ten \u0130stanbul’a haftada iki kez sefer yapan ekspres, 7 \u00fclkeyi a\u015fan 3 500 km’lik yolculu\u011fu 56 saatte tamaml\u0131yordu. Yol\u00adcular\u0131 aras\u0131nda imparatorlar ve doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar, diplomatlar ve mihraceler, casuslar ve diplomatik kuryeler yer al\u0131rd\u0131. Bulgaris\u00adtan Kral\u0131 Boris, \u00fcnl\u00fc metresi Magda Lupescu’yla birlikte Roman\u00adya Kral\u0131 Carol, tren \u00fclkelerinden ge\u00e7erken kimi zaman makinist\u00adlik yaparlard\u0131. Milyoner silah t\u00fcccar\u0131 Basil Zaharoff ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en varl\u0131kl\u0131 ki\u015fisinin o\u011flu Calouste Gulbenkyan, s\u0131k seyahat eden yolculardand\u0131 ve trende tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 kad\u0131nlarla evlenmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Agatha Christie, Graham Greene, Erle Abler ve John Dos Pas\u00adsos, trenin esin verdi\u011fi yazarlar aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Dos Passos, Do\u011fu’ya seyahati, belgesel filmlerin \u015fiirselli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131yan belirgin \u00fcslubuyla \u015f\u00f6yle anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

“G\u00fcnden g\u00fcne tepeler \u00e7\u0131plakla\u015f\u0131yor ve kurula\u015f\u0131\u00adyor ve tren daha yava\u015f yol al\u0131yor ve istasyon \u015feflerinin b\u0131y\u0131klar\u0131 da\u00adha daha uzuyor ve \u00fcniformalar\u0131 daha daha \u015fekilsizle\u015fiyor; ta ki, so\u00adnunda parlak ye\u015fil deniz ile g\u00fcne\u015f yan\u0131\u011f\u0131 sar\u0131 tepeler aras\u0131nda k\u0131v\u00adr\u0131l\u0131yoruz. Birden tren kirli sar\u0131 renkte y\u0131k\u0131k duvarlar aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u00ad\u015f\u0131yor, raylar \u00e7\u00f6p tepeleri, selvi a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndan ge\u00e7iyor. Tren ar\u00adt\u0131k zorlukla ilerlemektedir. K\u00f6r bir hattaym\u0131\u015f gibi, belli belirsiz du\u00adruyor. Buras\u0131 m\u0131? Hay\u0131r, evet buras\u0131 olmal\u0131 … Konstantinopolis!”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kentin, tren percerelerindeki ilk manzaras\u0131 Yedikule’ydi. Son\u00adra Marmara Denizi ve b\u00fcy\u00fck camiler g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc. Tren Saraybur\u00adnu’nu d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, sultan\u0131n eski hareminin ve on be\u015finci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u00addan kalma Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131’n\u0131n yan\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erdi. Ah\u015fap evlerin, camilerin ve saraylar\u0131n duru \u00e7izgilerinde bir b\u00fcy\u00fc vard\u0131. Tepeler mavi sular\u0131n, uzun mezar ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki ta\u015ftan t\u00fcrbanlar\u0131y\u00adla eski Osmanl\u0131 mezarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ve b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 bezemeye yete\u00adcek alt\u0131n, m\u00fccevher ve hal\u0131yla dolu Kapal\u0131\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 man\u00adzaralar\u0131na yol veriyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kentin ger\u00e7ek tutkunlar\u0131ndan biri, orta halli evi, Park Otel ile Von Papen’in konsoloslu\u011funun birka\u00e7 sokak \u00f6tesinde bulunan Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli<\/strong> adl\u0131 toparlak, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u0130talyan k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fcy\u00add\u00fc. Roncalli s\u0131k s\u0131k Orient Ekspress’le yolculuk yapard\u0131. “Trende”<\/em> demi\u015fti, “dinlenir, okur, dua eder, do\u011fan\u0131n g\u00fczelliklerini ve de\u011fi\u00ad\u015fik insanlar\u0131 izlersiniz.”<\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vatikan’\u0131n el\u00e7isi, \u0130stanbul’da say\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7ok az olan Katoliklerin rahibiydi. 1939’da elli sekiz ya\u015f\u0131nda olan Roncalli, ailesinin d\u00f6rt bu\u00e7uk y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u0130talyan k\u00f6\u00ady\u00fcndendi. Masas\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca akraba foto\u011fraflar\u0131 ve k\u0131sa dalga yay\u0131nlar\u0131 izlemek i\u00e7in Phillips marka bir radyo dururdu. Rahip \u00fcniformas\u0131 giymesi, T\u00fcrkiye’nin laik y\u00f6netimince yasaklanm\u0131\u015f olan Roncalli, s\u0131radan bir palto, modas\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f bir tak\u0131m elbise ve melon \u015fapka giyerdi. Ancak g\u00f6steri\u015fsiz al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131, g\u00fcller ve manolyalarla dolu bah\u00e7esiyle mutlu olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlememi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roncalli’nin basit ve i\u00e7ten dindarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ge\u00e7mi\u015finde k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00e7ocu\u011fu olmas\u0131ndan, burslu okumas\u0131ndan, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda hastane hademeli\u011fi ve vaizlik yapmas\u0131ndan miras kal\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu deneyimden, yenilik yanl\u0131s\u0131 ve \u0130talya’da yeni ba\u015flayan H\u0131ristiyan demokrat ak\u0131m\u0131n destek\u00e7isi olarak \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzun y\u0131llar sonra, Papa XXIII. Johannes olarak inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 uy\u00adgulamaya koyacakt\u0131. Ama Roncalli \u015fimdi g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 1925’te, kilisenin \u00e7ok iyi anla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130talyan diktat\u00f6r\u00fc Benito Musso\u00adlini’yi ele\u015ftiren bir konu\u015fma yap\u0131nca, Roncalli \u00f6nce 10 y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na Bulgaristan’a, sonra da \u0130stanbul’a s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Rum Ortodoks ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topraklar\u0131nda ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi y\u0131llar, dini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini evren\u00adselle\u015ftirecek, s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fclkelerde bir Vatikan prensinin de\u011fil, bir kilise rahibinin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kazanacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine de \u0130stanbul’daki y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Roncalli’nin meslek gelece\u011fine ili\u015fkin beklentileri, daha zay\u0131f olamazd\u0131. \u0130stanbul’a geldikten sonra kendisini g\u00fcnl\u00fck tutmaya y\u00f6nelten, yaln\u0131zca al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck de\u011fildi: “\u00c7ok az \u015fey ba\u015fard\u0131m. Tanr\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde kendimi s\u0131radan ve utan\u00e7 i\u00e7inde hissediyorum. Ancak gelece\u011fe a\u011f\u0131r ba\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenli bir hu\u00adzurla bak\u0131yorum.”<\/em> Roncalli, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyen bir mizah anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ken\u00addisini “Vatikan’\u0131n Ortado\u011fu’daki postac\u0131s\u0131” diye nitelemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde “T\u00fcrklerden \u00e7ok ho\u015fnutum”<\/em> demi\u015f ve eklemi\u015fti “bir \u00e7ile uygulamas\u0131 olarak, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6\u011frenmeyi \u00f6zellikle istiyo\u00adrum.”<\/em> Her gece Bo\u011faz’da \u0131\u015f\u0131klar i\u00e7inde y\u00fczlerce bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 teknesini izlerken esinlenmi\u015f, ya\u011fmur alt\u0131nda bile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n ne\u015fe\u00adsi \u00fczerine \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: “Ah, bu \u00f6rnek kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda biz rahipler, ‘insanl\u0131k bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131’ ne \u00e7ok utan\u00e7 duymal\u0131y\u0131z. Biz de Bo\u011faz’ daki bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapmal\u0131, fenerlerimizi yak\u0131p, kay\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131zda gece g\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131z.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak Roncalli, sava\u015f ve diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck dolu bir d\u00f6nemin trajedi\u00adsinden de ders alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. “Bir devletin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc”<\/em> demi\u015fti, “askeri harekatlar\u0131, diplomatik anla\u015fmalar\u0131 ya da ekonomik ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131yla de\u011fil”<\/em>, yaln\u0131zca “hukukunda somutla\u015fan adaletle”<\/em> \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilirdi. Bir zamanlar \u0130stanbul’ da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, ama \u015fimdi yok olmu\u015f Yunanl\u0131lar, Romal\u0131lar ve Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Kato\u00adlikli\u011fin; ge\u00e7mi\u015fin boyun e\u011fmeyen ancak \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc imparatorlukla\u00adr\u0131na \u00f6yk\u00fcnerek de\u011fil, yaln\u0131zca de\u011fi\u015fen zamanlara uyarak ya\u015faya\u00adbilece\u011fi sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roncalli, \u0130stanbul’da ruhani dersler ararken, daha d\u00fcnyevi ko\u00adnuklar da kenti, romantizmin canland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yer olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f\u00adlerdi. Macar bir yazar, kentin eski mahallelerinde b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici g\u00fcn\u00adbat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

“S\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kapal\u0131 bal\u00adkonlar\u0131yla harap T\u00fcrk evleri, ilkel kervansaraylar, modern bina\u00adlar, kiliseler ve b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7a\u011flardan kalma y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n karma\u015fas\u0131; b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck meydanlar ile dar, dolamba\u00e7l\u0131 ve k\u00f6t\u00fc kaplanm\u0131\u015f sokaklar boyunca kalabal\u0131k ve ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f; bu da Ayasofya ve Mavi Cami’nin yo\u011fun kubbeleri ve kusursuz minareleri [alt\u0131nda] bin\u00adlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k ihti\u015fam ve sefaletin siluetini \u00e7iziyor.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerikal\u0131 bir deniz subay\u0131 da \u015f\u00f6yle \u015fiirle\u015ftirmi\u015fti: “\u0130stanbul’u \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik noktalardan g\u00f6zledim; Haydarpa\u015fa’dan sabah sisinde bir Do\u011fu masal\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f kent iken; Mavi Cami’nin minaresin\u00adden g\u00fcn ortas\u0131nda, Canaletto imzal\u0131 bir tablo gibi kat\u0131 ve net iken; Topkap\u0131’dan g\u00fcnbat\u0131m\u0131nda kuleler ve minareler garip g\u00f6lgeler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrken. Benim i\u00e7in, Tanr\u0131 vergisi konumuyla kutsanm\u0131\u015f el eme\u011fi camileri ve saraylar\u0131yla muhte\u015fem; \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fiyle b\u00fcy\u00fcleyi\u00adci; sessiz bah\u00e7eleri ve u\u011fultulu kalabal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla gi\u00adzemlidir ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00fczel kentidir.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha ku\u015fkucu olan New York Times gazetesi muhabiri C. L. Sulzberger \u0130stanbul’u, “On alt\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n imparatorluklar\u0131 \u00fcst \u00fcste y\u0131\u00adk\u0131k bir karmakar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k \u00fczerine y\u0131\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, a\u00e7\u0131kta akan sular ve gece\u00adkondu pisli\u011fiyle \u00e7evrelenmi\u015f ve minarelerin s\u00fcng\u00fcs\u00fcyle delinmi\u015f bir kent” olarak anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Atat\u00fcrk baz\u0131 yenilikler getirmi\u015fti: Bah\u00e7eler, Taksim Meydan\u0131, tramvay ve otomobillerin i\u015f\u00adledi\u011fi d\u00fcz, modern caddeler. Bunlardan en \u00f6nemlisi \u0130stiklal Cadde\u00adsi’ydi. Ayasofya, \u015fimdi laik bir simge olarak camiden m\u00fczeye d\u00f6\u00adn\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sultan’\u0131n saraylar\u0131 Ortado\u011fu bi\u00e7imli Topkap\u0131 ve Av\u00adrupa bi\u00e7imli Dolmabah\u00e7e cumhuriyet\u00e7ili\u011fin simgesi olarak \u00b7m\u00fcze yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1453’te din okulu olarak a\u00e7\u0131lan \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, modern \u00f6\u011frenim ve bilimi yaymak i\u00e7in yenilenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk\u0131n d\u00fczenli, disiplinli karakteri, Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn y\u00f6netimini ko\u00adlayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir \u0130ngiliz istihbarat raporunun do\u011fru olarak yazd\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 gibi, “T\u00fcrkler do\u011fal bir onur, kendini denetleme ve kibarl\u0131k mi\u00adras\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ama adaletsizlik ya da hakarete \u015fiddetli tepki g\u00f6sterirler. B\u00fcy\u00fck ki\u015fisel cesaret, tutum, yi\u011fitlik ve g\u00fcvenilen li\u00addere ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterirler.”<\/em> Gururlu, inat\u00e7\u0131, hiyerar\u015fiye sayg\u0131l\u0131 ve a\u011fz\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131d\u0131rlar. Tehditlere pabu\u00e7 b\u0131rakmayan T\u00fcrkler, sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7mekte \u00e7abuk, ancak dostlukta kal\u0131c\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne var ki, bu askeri nitelikler, ilerlemeyi de s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131. Sultan’\u0131n divan\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, ki\u015fisel ba\u015far\u0131, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcden ihsan almaya ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130kinci derecede memurlar, kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na i\u015f yapmaktan korkard\u0131. Amerikal\u0131 bir konuk, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hastaneyi ba\u015fhekim e\u015f\u00adli\u011finde dola\u015f\u0131rken, bu sistemin nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00c7ok sa\u00ady\u0131da sine\u011fin, a\u00e7\u0131k pencerelerden ko\u011fu\u015flara girdi\u011fini g\u00f6ren ko\u00adnuk, camlar\u0131 kimsenin kapatmamas\u0131na \u015fa\u015f\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ba\u015fhekim ise, i\u015flerin b\u00f6yle y\u00fcr\u00fcmedi\u011fini anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Y\u00f6netici bir \u015fey emretmedik\u00e7e, ki buna pencerenin kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 dahildi, hi\u00e7bir hem\u015fire ya da hademe kendili\u011finden i\u015f yap\u0131p sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k etmeyi akl\u0131n\u0131n ucun\u00addan ge\u00e7irmezdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Memurlar kimseye yetki vermez, sorumluluk almaktan da nef\u00adret ederlerdi. Bakanlar\u0131n neden her yaz tedavi i\u00e7in bir iki ay Av\u00adrupa’ da kald\u0131klar\u0131 soruldu\u011funda, bir Amerikal\u0131 diplomat \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131: “Ba\u015fbakan taraf\u0131ndan azarlanmaktan ve kendi yar\u00add\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n sorunlar\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015fmaktan, bakanlar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131n\u0131p eskime belirtisi g\u00f6stermeleri \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yabanc\u0131lar konukseverlikle, ancak ku\u015fkuyla kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rd\u0131. T\u00fcrk\u00adler gizlilikten ho\u015flan\u0131r, muhalefet edilmeye duyarl\u0131k g\u00f6sterir ve hemen y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan ku\u015fkulan\u0131rd\u0131. Ordu harekatlar\u0131n\u0131n ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet toplant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bile k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131kla gizli tutulur\u00addu. Her yerde haz\u0131r ve naz\u0131r olan gizli polis (Emniyet) herkesi ve her \u015feyi \u00f6yle sessizce ve etkili dinlerdi ki, di\u011fer istihbarat servis\u00adleri onun yan\u0131nda amat\u00f6r kal\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130stanbul’da otel, lokanta, el\u00e7ilik, otob\u00fcs, tramvay g\u00f6revlilerinden ve maa\u015fa ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011ferlerinden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiyle, yerle\u015fik yabanc\u0131lar ve turistler \u00fczerinde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 dosyalar tutard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130stanbul halk\u0131, Do\u011fu’nun ve Bat\u0131’n\u0131n etnik gruplar\u0131n\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00adlerini kendi i\u00e7inde kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcrkler, Avrupa giysilerini, adet\u00adlerini ve laikli\u011fi tutkuyla benimsemi\u015flerdi. Rum, Yahudi ve Erme\u00adni topluluklan da kendi gelenekleri, dilleri ve giysilerini koru\u00admu\u015flard\u0131. Protestanlarca y\u00f6netilen Robert Kolej’in bayrak yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015fampiyonu atletizm tak\u0131m\u0131, bu karma\u015fay\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r bi\u00e7imde bir T\u00fcrk, bir Rum, bir Ermeni ve bir Bulgar’ dan olu\u015fuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu kozmopolit havada yabanc\u0131 kurulu\u015flara, T\u00fcrk siyasetine kar\u0131\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcrece izin veriliyordu. Protestan Amerikal\u0131 mis\u00adyonerlerce y\u00f6netilen Robert Kolej’ den ba\u015fka, Alman, Frans\u0131z ve \u0130talyan okullar\u0131 vard\u0131. Fa\u015fist \u0130talyan ve Nazi Alman parti h\u00fccrele\u00adri, kendi yurtta\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcrce \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabiliyordu; yabanc\u0131 h\u00fc\u00adk\u00fcmetler para harcay\u0131p \u0130stanbul’ da kendi dillerinde gazete \u00e7\u0131ka\u00adr\u0131yorlard\u0131. Uzun s\u00fcredir \u0130stanbul’a yerle\u015fmi\u015f “Levanten”<\/em> \u0130ngiliz aileler, \u00f6nceleri kentin ticaretinde, sonra da \u0130ngiliz diplomasi ve istihbarat\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131lar. \u0130stanbul’ daki Amerikan toplumunda Socony Vacuum ya da Liggett & Myers Tobacco adl\u0131 \u015firketler i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00e7ok i\u00e7ki i\u00e7te ser\u00fcven d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnleri yan\u0131nda Amerika’n\u0131n orta bat\u0131s\u0131ndan gelmi\u015f d\u00fcr\u00fcst ve a\u011fz\u0131na i\u00e7ki koymayan misyonerler vard\u0131. Her iki toplulu\u011fun \u00fcyeleri daha sonra ABD istihbarat operasyonlar\u0131na eleman vereceklerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz aylar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7iler Ankara’n\u0131n s\u0131ca\u011f\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul’un esintilerine ka\u00e7arlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler iyi asker olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, askeri gere\u00e7leri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n gerisindeydi. \u0130stan\u00adbul’un ah\u015fap evleri hava bombard\u0131man\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yang\u0131n felaketiyle \u00e7\u0131ra olmaya adayd\u0131. \u00dclkenin malzeme stoku yoktu. Bu y\u00fczden T\u00fcrkler, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda ordusunu e\u011fiten ve m\u00fct\u00adtefiki olan Almanya dahil, b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7lerle iyi ge\u00e7iniyordu. Naziler 1937’de, ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin y\u00fczde 37’sini sat\u0131n alarak T\u00fcrkiye’yi Al\u00admanya’ya ekonomik olarak ba\u011flamak istiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moskova’ya duyulan korku ve nefret, T\u00fcrkiye’nin Londra ve Berlin’ e yana\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki gerek\u00e7eydi. T\u00fcrk anneler, yara\u00admazl\u0131k yapan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131, Ruslar\u0131n gelip kendilerini ka\u00e7\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek korkuturdu. Ancak bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131, Rusya’n\u0131n kom\u00fcnist ideolojisinden \u00e7ok tarihi tutkular\u0131yd\u0131. T\u00fcrkler, \u00e7arlar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli g\u00fcneye ilerledi\u011fini hat\u0131rl\u0131yordu. On sekiz ve on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki bir d\u00fczine T\u00fcrkRus sava\u015f\u0131 T\u00fcrklere \u00e7ok geni\u015f top\u00adraklara mal olmu\u015f, Rus i\u015fgalindeki b\u00f6lgelerden y\u00fcz binlerce T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015fti. Moskova, Rusya’n\u0131n g\u00fcney kanad\u0131n\u0131n anahtar\u0131n\u0131 elin\u00adde tutan \u0130stanbul’u ele ge\u00e7irip Bo\u011faz’a egemen olmak istemi\u015fti. T\u00fcrkler, Sovyet devriminin bu hedefleri de\u011fi\u015ftirmedi\u011fini biliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1930’lar\u0131n sonunda T\u00fcrk liderler, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir Almanya ve SSCB etki alanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a, kendi \u00fclkelerinin tehlike\u00adde oldu\u011funu biliyorlard\u0131 . Balkanlar diye an\u0131lan g\u00fcneydo\u011fu Avru\u00adpa, yine 1914’te oldu\u011fu gibi bir barut f\u0131\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130ngiltere ve Fran\u00adsa, 29 eyl\u00fcl 1938’de bat\u0131 \u00c7ekoslovakya’y\u0131 M\u00fcnih’te Hitler’e verdi\u00adler. \u0130ngiliz Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Neville Chamberlain bu \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00fcn “bu zama\u00adn\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131”<\/em> korudu\u011funu duyurdu. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye gibi k\u00fc\u00ad\u00e7\u00fck \u00fclkeler, b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00c7ekoslovakya’ya ihanetini, kendi \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin yakla\u015fan habercisi sayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Winston Churchill, “Nazi zorbal\u0131\u011f\u0131nca tehdit edilen ve birer bi\u00adrer yutulacak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck devletlerle” \u0130ngiltere’nin ittifak yapmas\u0131 ge\u00adrekti\u011fini savunuyordu. Ancak iktidarda de\u011fildi ve \u0130ngiltere’nin Hitler’i yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma siyasetinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Londra ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc dav\u00adransa bile, Balkan devletleri direnmek i\u00e7in kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na \u00e7ok zay\u0131ft\u0131 ve b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu tehlikeler ortas\u0131nda ulusu, ancak Ata\u00adt\u00fcrk’\u00fcn i\u015fba\u015f\u0131nda olmas\u0131 yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yordu. \u0130stanbul’ da Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn hasta oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylentileri yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, h\u00fck\u00fcmet bun\u00adlar\u0131n yaz\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131. Ekim 1938′ deki bir t\u00f6rene Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn kat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m yazma c\u00fcreti g\u00f6steren bir _gazete \u00fc\u00e7 ay kapat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn hastal\u0131k haberlerini sans\u00fcrlemek, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131m korumaya yetmedi. 58 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Atat\u00fcrk, 10 kas\u0131m 1938’de sabah 10 sular\u0131nda Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131’ndaki odas\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc. B\u00fct\u00fcn ulus sars\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130\u015fyerleri tatil edildi ve her yer kapand\u0131. \u0130stanbul’da korkmu\u015f, a\u011flayan insan kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sokaklara ak\u0131p saatlerce dola\u015ft\u0131. Kimileri hu\u015fu i\u00e7inde Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc dinlerken, kimi\u00adleri de gazeteleri kap\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Bir T\u00fcrk diplomat\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, “\u00d6nderimizi \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc bir zamanda yitirdik”<\/em> diye yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7abucak bir lidere gereksinim vard\u0131. Ertesi g\u00fcn, 450 km do\u011fu\u00addaki Ankara’da Meclis, \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc’y\u00fc cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ti. Mant\u0131kl\u0131 bir se\u00e7imdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fnu\u015f ve Harbiye Nezareti’nde g\u00f6rev yapnu\u015ft\u0131. Ancak 1919’da i\u015fgal edilin\u00adce, \u0130stanbul’ da bir g\u00fcn daha kalmay\u0131 reddetmi\u015f ve Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn mil\u00adliyet\u00e7i birliklerine kat\u0131lnu\u015ft\u0131. \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc bu orduda s\u00fcrekli y\u00fckseldi ve Yunanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131, soyad\u0131m ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc’de ordunun b\u00fcy\u00fck zaferi\u00adni y\u00f6netti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cumhuriyet’in ilk on be\u015f y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc, Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn ba\u015fbakan\u0131y\u00add\u0131. Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden birka\u00e7 ay \u00f6nce iki gururlu adam, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir konu y\u00fcz\u00fcnden tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc istifa etti. Ancak aralar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00adken bile, Atat\u00fcrk \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc i\u00e7in iyi \u015feyler s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc cumhur\u00adba\u015fkan\u0131 olunca, \u00f6nde gelen siyaset\u00e7ilerden biri g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne \u015f\u00f6yle yazd\u0131: “Ancak bu noktadan sonra ger\u00e7ek siyasal karakteri anla\u015f\u0131la\u00adcak. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fimdiye dek, neyi kendi ba\u015f\u0131na, neyi Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn giri\u015fimiyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131yordu.” Yak\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 ve enerjik Atat\u00fcrk’le kar\u015f\u0131\u00adla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc sessiz, yal\u0131n ve tutucuydu. Atat\u00fcrk k\u00f6p\u00fcrd\u00fc\u00ad\u011f\u00fc an, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc sab\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131. Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn nitelikleri rejimi kurmak i\u00e7in ya\u015famsald\u0131; \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc’n\u00fcn nitelikleri ise peki\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn tabutu, Dolmabah\u00e7e Saray\u0131’n\u0131n taht odas\u0131na yerle\u015f\u00adtirildi ve kentin d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan y\u00fcz binlerce ki\u015fi \u00f6n\u00fcnden ge\u00e7\u00adti. 1 7 kas\u0131mda saray\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki kalabal\u0131k \u00f6ylesine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ki, atl\u0131 polislerce da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7\u0131kan panikte on iki ki\u015fi ezilerek \u00f6ld\u00fc. \u00c7o\u011fu T\u00fcrk bunun, yakla\u015fan \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn bir belirtisi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. \u0130ki g\u00fcn sonra cenaze t\u00f6reni ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u00f6renlerle eski d\u00f6ne\u00admin kapat\u0131l\u0131p, ulusun yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn ta\u00adbutunu ta\u015f\u0131yan top arabas\u0131n\u0131, Bo\u011faz’a dek alt\u0131 siyah at \u00e7ekti. Bu\u00adrada tabut, Asya k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmek i\u00e7in bir z\u0131rhl\u0131ya kondu. Z\u0131rh\u00adl\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresinde T\u00fcrk donanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu gemisi ile \u0130ngiltere, Al\u00admanya, Fransa, SSCB, Romanya ve Yunanistan’dan sava\u015f gemile\u00adri yer ald\u0131. Asya k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda tabut, \u00f6zel trene kondu. Tren, me\u015fale\u00adlerle ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lnu\u015f, \u00e7i\u00e7ekler ve yas tutanlarca doldurulmu\u015f istas\u00adyonlarda k\u0131sa s\u00fcreler durarak, a\u011f\u0131r a\u011f\u0131r do\u011fuya yol ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tabutu, ertesi g\u00fcn Ankara’da \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc’n\u00fcn ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir grup kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131. Topluluk, isli me\u015fale dumanlar\u0131n\u0131n, g\u00f6klerini ac\u0131yla karartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Meclis binas\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fc, “milletimizin yeti\u015ftirdi\u011fi kahraman insan” diye nitelerken, askerler a\u011fl\u0131yordu. Dini t\u00f6ren yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn ye\u011fledi\u011fi milliyet\u00e7i bir t\u00f6\u00adren haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

21 Kas\u0131m sabah\u0131nda askerler, on amiral ve general e\u015fli\u011finde Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn tabutunu ta\u015f\u0131yan top arabas\u0131n\u0131 Ankara caddelerinden ge\u00e7irip, mezar\u0131 yap\u0131lana dek yataca\u011f\u0131 Etnografya M\u00fczesi’ne \u00e7ektiler. Caddelerdeki kalabal\u0131klar soylu, ancak \u00e7a\u011fd\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015f s\u00fcvarilerin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi, ard\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilerin ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde birbiriyle sava\u015facak \u00fclkelerden gelen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck askeri birliklerin geldi\u011fi renkli ge\u00e7it t\u00f6renini sessizce izlediler. Arkadan \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc, ba\u00adkanlar kurulu, komutanlar ve yabanc\u0131 diplomatlar geliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkler, topra\u011fa vermi\u015f de olsalar, Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn \u00f6lmesine hi\u00e7bir zaman raz\u0131 olmad\u0131lar. D\u00f6nemin bir siyaset\u00e7isi; cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu\u011fu y\u0131llar boyunca \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc i\u00e7in, “Atat\u00fcrk ad\u0131n\u0131 her zaman her a\u011f\u0131zdan duyacakt\u0131” dedi. “Sanki hala Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn g\u00f6lgesinde y\u00fcr\u00fc\u00adyordu. Ve bu g\u00f6lge giderek geni\u015fliyor, uzuyor ve karar\u0131yordu.” T\u00fcrkler, uluslararas\u0131 bunal\u0131m \u00e7evrelerinde t\u0131rmand\u0131k\u00e7a “Ah Atat\u00fcrk, sensiz ne yapaca\u011f\u0131z?” diyordu. H\u00fck\u00fcmet yas\u0131 ve t\u00f6renleri, olabildi\u011fince uzatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ve Atat\u00fcrk’\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc tehlike an\u0131nda \u00fclkeyi kurtarma sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fcstlenmi\u015fti. Ve bu g\u00fcnler nas\u0131l da tehlikeli olacakt\u0131!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Barry Rubin-\u00a0\u0130stanbul Entrikalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Barry Rubin’in\u00a0\u0130stanbul Entrikalar\u0131 adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda so\u011fuk sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130stanbul’da ya\u015fanan enteresan olaylar anlat\u0131l\u0131yor. Kitapta, casus maceralar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda ilgin\u00e7 \u0130stanbul izlenimleri de var. Kitab\u0131n ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ad\u0131 \u0130stanbul’a yolculuk. Bu sayfalardan baz\u0131 notlar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da… “K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, pis ve eski Rumen gemisi, Karadeniz’ den g\u00fcneye istim ald\u0131. Mavi Bo\u011faz’\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dalgalar\u0131ndan parlak \u0131\u015f\u0131klarla yans\u0131yan g\u00fcne\u015f, \u0130stanbul’un minarelerini ve cami kubbelerini \u0131\u015f\u0131ldat\u0131yordu. Sol yandaki Asya tepeleri ve sa\u011f yandaki Avrupa y\u00fckseltileri \u00fczerindeki eski ta\u015f yap\u0131lar, s\u00fcreklili\u011fin s\u0131cak ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131\u00adt\u0131yordu. Bu bar\u0131\u015ft\u0131, parlak ve sessiz bar\u0131\u015f. Garip, rahats\u0131z edici ve utan\u00e7 vericiydi … Beni huzursuz etti. O k\u0131y\u0131lardan korku ve zulm\u00fcn sars\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn kokusunun<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":65991,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1772],"tags":[33],"class_list":["post-65989","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-istanbul-yazilari","tag-istanbul"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.remgo.com\/11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65989","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.remgo.com\/11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.remgo.com\/11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.remgo.com\/11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.remgo.com\/11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=65989"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.remgo.com\/11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65989\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.remgo.com\/11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/65991"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.remgo.com\/11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=65989"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.remgo.com\/11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=65989"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.remgo.com\/11\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=65989"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}